Rajput

A Rajput, derived from the Sanskrit term raja-putra, meaning "son of a king," belongs to one of the patrilineal clans primarily located in the western, central, and northern regions of India, as well as parts of Pakistan. Rajputs claim ancestry from the Hindu warrior classes that once ruled in North India, gaining prominence between the 6th and 12th centuries. Up until the 20th century, Rajputs held authority in the majority of princely states across India.

Today, Rajput populations and former Rajput-ruled regions are found across the subcontinent, particularly in northern, western, and central India, with significant communities in Rajasthan, Saurashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Jammu, Punjab, Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra and parts of Nepal and Pakistan.

Rajputs are divided into several main subdivisions, known as vansh or vamsha, which sit just below the larger classification of jati. These vansh signify distinct lineages, with the two primary vansh being Suryavanshi (descendants of the sun deity Surya) and Chandravanshi (descendants of the moon deity Chandra).

Each vansh further divides into smaller groups such as kul, shakh ("branch"), khamp or khanp ("twig"), and nak ("twig tip"). Marriages within the same kul are generally avoided, although exceptions are sometimes made for different gotra lineages. The kul serves as a key identity marker for many Rajput clans, and each kul is traditionally protected by a family goddess, the kuldevi.

Main Lineages

The Rajputs, who trace their ancestry to the thirty-six royal Kshatriya clans mentioned in the sacred texts, the Puranas, and the Indian epics “Mahabharata” and “Ramayana,” are divided into two primary lineages (vanshas or vamshas):

• Suryavanshi: Also known as Raghuvanshis (clans of the Solar dynasty), these Rajputs trace their lineage through Manu, Ikshvaku, Harischandra, Raghu, Dasaratha, and Rama.

• Chandravanshi: Also called Somavanshis (clans of the Lunar dynasty), these Rajputs are descended through Yayati, Deva Nausha, Puru, Yadu, Kuru, Pandu, Yudhisthira, and Krishna. The Yaduvanshi and Puruvanshi are notable sub-branches of the Chandravanshi lineage. Lord Krishna belonged to the Yaduvanshi lineage, while the Kauravs and Pandavs from the Mahabharata were Puruvanshis.

Each of these lineages is further divided into numerous clans (kulas), all claiming descent from a common male ancestor. Some of the main clans are further divided into shakhas, or “branches,” which follow the same patrilineal lineage system.

Each shakha, or primary sub-clan, holds a unique genealogical record detailing its key characteristics, religious beliefs, and original homeland. This record serves as a reference for traditional alliances and contains all information that dictates the rules of intermarriage.

Etymology of “Rajput”

The term “Rajput” derives from the Sanskrit “Rajaputra”, meaning “sons of kings”. Originally, it was a royal designation that evolved over centuries to denote a broader kinship and caste identity among the Kshatriya warrior class.

The term has evolved over centuries:

• In the Rigveda, the term Rajan referred to a tribal leader or king.
• His wife was called Rajani, and his kinsmen and warriors were called Rajanya.
• Rājaputra became common in Vedic and post-Vedic literature to signify royal offspring and later extended to a kinship-based warrior group.

Earliest textual references:

• Aitareya Brahmana 7.17: Refers to Vishvamitra as a Rājaputra.
• Sutta Nipata (457): Uses Rājaputta in a social context.
• Mahabharata, Ramopakhyana: Calls Rama and Lakshmana Rājaputras.
• Ramayana Balakanda, Sarga 58: Vishvamitra calls King Trishanku a Rājaputra.

Later usage:

• Titles like Rajanya, Rana, Rajaputra, and their variants appear across inscriptions and classical literature, signifying both chieftainship and broader kinship warrior identity.

Origins and Historical Development

Early Use of Rajaputra

• Vedic texts (e.g., Purusha Sukta) associate Rajanya with the warrior class.
• In Buddhist and Jain literature, Rājaputra is used to describe high-status warriors and princes, including Buddha, born into the Sakya clan.
• Epics like the Mahabharata and Ramayana frequently use the term for noble Kshatriyas.

Evolution from Royal Title to Ethnonym

From the early medieval period (post-Mauryan and Gupta decline), the title Rājaputra transitioned:

• From a prince or royal heir to a clan-based identity representing all male members of a warrior lineage.
• In Himalayan areas (e.g., Himachal Pradesh, Nepal), the title Rana evolved from Rajanya and continues as a Rajput surname.

Inscriptions and Historical Records

Many inscriptions refer to individuals as Rājaputras, showing how the term was used both as a royal designation and later as a community identifier.

Notable records:

• Damodarpur Copper Plate (533 CE): Rajaputra Deva-Bhattaraka.
• Chamba Copper Plate (960 CE): Mentions Rājaputra among administrative gentry.
• Mount Abu Inscription (1230 CE): Pratihara Rajaputras.
• Lalrai Inscription (1176 CE): Chauhan Rājaputras.
• Nadol Plates (1160 CE): Rajaputra Kirtipala (Chauhan).
• Harshacharita, Rajatarangini, and Kadambari frequently mention Rājaputra as a title for landholders, not just princes.

Foreign accounts:

• Al Masudi (953 CE): Mentions Kandhar as land of Rahbuts (Rajputs).
• Arabs called Rashtrakutas one of India’s greatest kings; later Rathores trace descent from them.

Usage in Lexicons and Scriptures

The historical and linguistic identity of the Rajput is deeply rooted in ancient Sanskrit and Pali texts. The term Rajput is universally recognized in classical lexicons as synonymous with Rājaputra, Rajanya, and Kṣatriya.

Lexicographical Evidence

The following authoritative Sanskrit and Pali dictionaries and glossaries explicitly recognize the synonymity between these terms:

• Vaman Shivram Apte (The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary): Lists Rājaputra as a direct synonym of Rajput, equating it with Rajanya and Kṣatriya.
• Monier Monier-Williams (A Sanskrit-English Dictionary): Includes Rājaputra as a title for royal princes and warriors; links it with the warrior class.
• Horace Hayman Wilson (A Dictionary of Sanskrit and English): Highlights Rajaputra and Rajanya as titles of the ruling and martial classes.
• Carl Cappeller, Arthur A. MacDonell, and Theodore Benfey also make similar lexical associations in their respective Sanskrit-English dictionaries.
• Pandit-Kulapati Jibananda Vidyasagara (Shabda Sagara): One of the most comprehensive Sanskrit lexicons, includes Rajaputra with multiple connotations linked to royal and Kshatriya identities.
• The Pali Text Society’s Pali-English Dictionary (T.W. Rhys Davids and William Stede): Notes Rājaputta as the Pali equivalent of Rajput, and as a direct synonym of Khattiya (Kshatriya) and Rājanna (Rajanya).
  • The earliest textual evidence of this term comes from the 3rd century BCE Pali text, the Khuddaka Nikaya of the Sutta Pitaka, where “rajaputta” is mentioned in a social context:

    न ब्राह्मणो नोम्हि न राजपुत्तो, न वेस्सायनो उद कोचि नोम्हि। गोत्तं परिञ्‍ञाय पुथुज्‍जनानं, अकिञ्‍चनो मन्त चरामि लोके॥ (Sutta Nipata, verse 457, Sundarika Bharadvaja Sutta)

    This shows early conceptualization of Rajput as a lineage or kinship-based identity rather than merely a caste or occupation.

These sources confirm that:

• Rajput is a vernacular or colloquial contraction of the Sanskrit Rājaputra.
• The usage is not limited to royal offspring but expanded to include all male members of Kshatriya lineages.
• Rajaputra, Rajanya, and Kshatriya are functionally interchangeable in ancient texts and dictionaries.

Epigraphical Glossary Evidence

• D.C. Sircar in the Indian Epigraphical Glossary lists Rajput as a direct vernacular usage of Rājaputra. He also lists related titles like Ravata, Rauta, Rawat, and Rana, all of which evolved from Rājaputra or its root Rajanya.